Medieval period
Catharism / Albigensianism
A medieval dualist movement sharply dividing spirit and matter and commonly regarding matter as evil.
The Central Error
It echoed Gnostic and Manichaean dualism while rejecting historic teaching about creation, incarnation, sacraments, and the body.
Historic Response
Condemned by the medieval Roman Catholic Church.
Modern Echoes
Neo-Gnostic spirituality that treats the body as a prison and salvation as escape from the material world.