1st–2nd centuries
Ebionism / Judaizing Christology
Jesus is a human Messiah but not eternal God, and Mosaic law remains binding upon Christians.
The Central Error
It denies Christ’s full deity and commonly rejects Paul’s gospel to the Gentiles.
Historic Response
Rejected by early catholic and orthodox Christianity.
Modern Echoes
Movements that deny Christ’s deity while claiming to restore Hebrew roots, or make Mosaic law necessary for justification.